 Introduction
Jaundice is due to a buildup in the blood of bilirubin, a yellow
pigment that comes from the breakdown of old red blood cells. It is
normal for old red blood cells to break down, but the bilirubin formed
does not usually cause jaundice because the liver metabolizes it and
gets rid of it into the gut. The newborn baby, however, often becomes
jaundiced during the first few days because the liver enzyme that
metabolizes bilirubin is relatively immature. Furthermore, newborn
babies have more red blood cells than adults, and thus more are
breaking down at any one time; as well many of these cells are
different from adult red cells and they don’t live as long. All of this
means more bilirubin will be made in the newborn baby’s body. If the
baby is premature, or stressed from a difficult birth, or the infant of
a diabetic mother, or more than the usual number of red blood cells are
breaking down (as can happen in blood incompatibility), the level of
bilirubin in the blood may rise higher than usual levels.
Two Types of Jaundice
The liver changes bilirubin so that it can be eliminated from the body (the changed bilirubin is now called conjugated, direct reacting, or water soluble
bilirubin--all three terms mean essentially the same thing). If,
however, the liver is functioning poorly, as occurs during some
infections, or the tubes that transport the bilirubin to the gut are
blocked, this changed bilirubin may accumulate in the blood and also
cause jaundice. When this occurs, the changed bilirubin appears in the
urine and turns the urine brown. This brown urine is an important clue that the jaundice is not “ordinary”. Jaundice due to conjugated bilirubin is always abnormal, frequently serious and needs to be investigated thoroughly and immediately. Except in the case of a few extremely rare metabolic diseases, breastfeeding can and should continue.
Accumulation of bilirubin before it has been changed by the enzyme of
the liver may be normal— “physiologic jaundice” (this bilirubin is
called unconjugated, indirect reacting or fat soluble
bilirubin). Physiologic jaundice begins about the second day of the
baby's life, peaks on the third or fourth day and then begins to
disappear. However, there may be other conditions that may require
treatment that can cause an exaggeration of this type of jaundice.
Because these conditions have no association with breastfeeding,
breastfeeding should continue. If, for example, the baby has severe jaundice due to rapid breakdown of red blood cells, this is not a reason to take the baby off the breast. Breastfeeding should continue in such a circumstance.
So-Called Breastmilk Jaundice
There is a condition commonly called breastmilk jaundice. No one knows
what the cause of breastmilk jaundice is. In order to make this
diagnosis, the baby should be at least a week old, though
interestingly, many of the babies with breastmilk jaundice also have
had exaggerated physiologic jaundice. The baby should be gaining well,
with breastfeeding alone, having lots of bowel movements, passing
plentiful, clear urine and be generally well (see the information sheet
Is my Baby Getting Enough Milk?
and see also the video clips at the website nbci.ca). In such a
setting, the baby has what some call breastmilk jaundice, though, on
occasion, infections of the urine or an under functioning of the baby's
thyroid gland, as well as a few other even rarer illnesses may cause
the same picture. Breastmilk jaundice peaks at 10-21 days, but may last
for two or three months. Breastmilk jaundice is normal. Rarely, if ever, does breastfeeding need to be discontinued even for a short time.
Only very occasionally is any treatment, such as phototherapy,
necessary. There is not one bit of evidence that this jaundice causes
any problem at all for the baby. Breastfeeding should not be
discontinued “in order to make a diagnosis”. If the baby is truly doing
well on breast only, there is no reason, none, to stop
breastfeeding or supplement even if the supplementation is given with a
lactation aid, for that matter. The notion that there is something
wrong with the baby being jaundiced comes from the fact that the
formula feeding baby is the model we think is the one that describes
normal infant feeding and we impose it on the breastfed baby and
mother. This manner of thinking, almost universal amongst health
professionals, truly turns logic upside down. Thus, the formula feeding
baby is rarely jaundiced after the first week of life, and when he is,
there is usually something wrong. Therefore, the baby with so called
breastmilk jaundice is a concern and “something must be done”. However,
in our experience, most exclusively breastfed babies who
are perfectly healthy and gaining weight well are still jaundiced at
five to six weeks of life and even later. The question, in fact, should
be whether or not it is normal not to be jaundiced and is this absence of jaundice something we should worry about? Do not stop breastfeeding for “breastmilk” jaundice.
Not-Enough-Breastmilk Jaundice
Higher than usual levels of bilirubin or longer than usual jaundice may occur because the baby is not getting enough milk.
This may be due to the fact that the mother's milk takes longer than
average to “come in” (but if the baby feeds well in the first few days
this should not be a problem), or because hospital routines limit
breastfeeding or because, most likely, the baby is poorly latched on
and thus not getting the milk which is available (see the information
sheet Is my Baby Getting Enough Milk? and see also the video clips at the website
nbci.ca). When the baby is getting little milk, bowel movements
tend to be scanty and infrequent so that the bilirubin that was in the
baby's gut gets reabsorbed into the blood instead of leaving the body
with the bowel movements. Obviously, the best way to avoid
"not-enough-breastmilk jaundice" is to get breastfeeding started
properly (see the information sheet Breastfeeding—Starting Out Right).
Definitely, however, the first approach to not-enough-breastmilk
jaundice is not to take the baby off the breast or to give bottles (see
the information sheet Protocol to Manage Breastmilk Intake). If
the baby is breastfeeding well, more frequent feedings may be enough to
bring the bilirubin down more quickly, though, in fact, nothing really
needs be done. If the baby is breastfeeding poorly, helping the baby
latch on better may allow him to breastfeed more effectively and thus
receive more milk. Compressing the breast to get more milk into the
baby may help (see the information sheet Breast Compression).
If latching and breast compression alone do not work, a lactation aid
would be appropriate to supplement feedings (see the information sheet Lactation Aid). See also the information sheet: Protocol to Manage Breastmilk Intake.
See also the website nbci.ca for videos to help use the Protocol
by showing how to latch a baby on, how to know the baby is getting
milk, how to use compressions, as well as other information on
breastfeeding.
Phototherapy (Bilirubin Lights)
Phototherapy increases the fluid requirements of the baby. If the baby
is breastfeeding well, more frequent feeding can usually make up this
increased requirement. However, if it is felt that the baby needs more
fluids, use a lactation aid to supplement, preferably expressed breastmilk, expressed milk with sugar water or sugar water alone rather than formula.
Questions? First look at the website nbci.ca or drjacknewman.com. If the information you need is not there, go to Contact Us and give us the information listed there in your email. Information is also available in Dr. Jack Newman’s Guide to Breastfeeding (called The Ultimate Breastfeeding Book of Answers in the USA); and/or our DVD, Dr. Jack Newman’s Visual Guide to Breastfeeding (available in French or with subtitles in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian); and/or The Latch Book and Other Keys to Breastfeeding Success; and/or L-eat Latch and Transfer Tool; and/or the GamePlan for Protecting and Supporting Breastfeeding in the First 24 Hours of Life and Beyond.
To make an appointment online with our clinic please visit www.nbci.ca. If you do not have easy access to email or internet, you may phone (416) 498-0002.
Breastfeeding and Jaundice, 2009©
Written and revised (under other names) by Jack Newman, MD, FRCPC, 1995-2005©
Revised by Jack Newman MD, FRCPC, IBCLC and Edith Kernerman, IBCLC, 2008, 2009©
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